It is even more difficult to eliminate the effects of biological weapons.

Sources

Of course, the first and most dangerous source is weapons. Currently, we can identify the following types of weapons:

weapons of mass destruction, which in turn is divided into a) nuclear weapons, b) chemical weapons, c) biological weapons. All these weapons lead to mass destruction of the population in large areas, and in the event of a nuclear strike and to significant destruction. conventional weapons used in local and large-scale hostilities. There are many types of conventional weapons, but all of them are used to destroy people and material objects. For example, using a volley fire system on an area of ​​about 13 hectares will destroy all buildings and almost 82% of the enemy’s manpower. means of electronic warfare, which do not lead to the destruction of buildings, but are extremely harmful to humans.

Another source of danger is the extreme unsanitary situation during hostilities. First of all, it is a large number of corpses that can not always be buried (for example, in cities of intense hostilities), and secondly, the normal operation of municipal services is disrupted, which leads to deteriorating water quality, sewer system failures , etc. there is an increase in the population of rodents and other animals that are always vectors of disease. There is also a lack of medical care, lack of medicines (most go to the front).

This creates a favorable situation for epidemics, especially in the warmer months. Also, many people can suffer from common diseases that cannot be effectively treated in wartime.

The third component is a complex ecological and man-made environment. It should be borne in mind that modern warfare is not without significant destruction, which in itself is a threat to human life and is usually accompanied by fires.

But even greater danger is posed by enterprises, which even in peacetime were a source of danger and harmful emissions. Chemical enterprises, nuclear power plants, refineries in case of their partial or complete destruction will cause a man-made disaster and will pose a significant threat to human life in the area.

Having considered the main sources of wartime emergencies, I want to move on to describe their types and consequences, and ways to localize and eliminate them.

In modern conditions, in the event of a large-scale war, there is no doubt about the use of weapons of mass destruction and, above all, nuclear weapons. Consider the consequences of such use for human life.

Nuclear weapons have several factors:

light shock, heat shock, shock wave, radiation damage.

Each of them poses a great danger to human life and health. Light shock leads to blindness, ignition of clothing and environmental objects, heat complements this effect. The shock wave destroys buildings and structures, and the ensuing radioactive damage makes staying in the infected area dangerous to health and life. A nuclear strike is characterized by a large range (120 km for a medium-power bomb), large losses among people (90% within a radius of 100 km) and even more irradiated. After that, the area is uninhabitable, and fires carry windborne radioactive elements.

People get burns of varying degrees, mechanical damage from the shock wave and, of course, radiation sickness. Depending on its degree, death occurs or develops leukemia, cancer, significantly weakened immunity. Of course, evacuation measures are carried out during the defeat, people hide in special storages with air filtration and water and food supplies. Work is underway to dismantle blockages and localize and extinguish nuclear fires. People should have personal protective equipment designed for such cases. The affected area is localized and cordoned off to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination. A complete evacuation of people, personnel of formations and equipment and their complete disinfection after removal from the affected areas is carried out. Nuclear weapons pose the greatest threat to human life and health.

It is also possible to widely use chemical weapons, mainly gases and poisons to contaminate water resources. Chemical warts affect the mucous membranes of people, eyes and exposed skin and having a mainly neuro-paralytic effect lead to their death. Failure to take personal protection measures can result in a high percentage of casualties. It should also be noted that the shelf life of these substances is quite long and they affect animals and plants. So when using combat gas SD-12 there is only scorched earth and empty buildings. Separate are toxic substances that pollute water sources, as important strategic objects. With such a subversive act, large cities may be left without sufficient water resources.

In case of a "Chemical alarm" signal, it is necessary to put on a gas mask at once, and if necessary other means of protection, and to arrive at storage as soon as possible. At the same time, evacuation measures, medical care for the victims and their transportation to storage facilities are being deployed by the troops and units of the NGO, and the first stages of degassing are beginning. It is necessary to quickly eliminate the threat to human life, localize and clean up areas of water pollution, to prevent the spread of poisoning over large areas. For this purpose, there are special chemical protection troops and units of the NGO and the Ministry of Emergencies.

It is even more difficult to eliminate the effects of biological weapons. Usually biological weapons are used in the form of strains of various pathogenic bacteria, often genetically modified, which are inoculated into rodents, insects, plants to cause epidemics and defeat the enemy’s manpower and undermine its rear. Signs of a biological attack are difficult to detect immediately and may take at least a month before. Therefore, it is important to carry out preventive control, and at the first signs of a biological attack, quarantine is declared and all efforts are made to identify pathogens and their vectors.

Disinfection of cities of infection, deratization, capture of stray animals, burial of corpses is carried out. Poisoning of water resources by bacteria is possible. In this case, the supply of uncontaminated water from the outer perimeter must be ensured. The difficulty is that the effects of bio-attacks can have on wartime epidemics. Communication with the infected area is strictly limited and is carried out only through the checkpoint with appropriate sanitary control. All equipment and people from the infected area must be quarantined and disinfected.

With the use of conventional weapons, there is significant destruction and death of a large number of people. When bombing and fighting with modern weapons, fires occur that pose a significant threat to human life and health, especially when using special incendiary munitions with napalm and other combustible substances. For such cases, special fire brigades are formed in the units of the NGO and the troops to help extinguish fires, prevent the destruction of property and people. The main task of such teams is to detect, locate and extinguish fires immediately after the strike before they have damaged property and people. The civilian population is evacuated from the fire zone first, and then the evacuation of property begins if it is impossible to stop the fire at this stage.

Also during hostilities and bombings, blockages are formed and people who did not have time to hide in bomb shelters can be blocked under them. NGO units must clear blockages, eliminate the danger of new blockages, and evacuate the population from the danger zone. But first of all work on timely evacuation of the population to bomb shelters before threat of bombing has to be carried out. The special equipment of the Ministry of Emergencies must be fully used for these works.

Particular attention should be paid to man-made disasters that may arise from the destruction of environmentally hazardous facilities during hostilities. Let’s take a hypothetical example: the fighting is near Kiev. To weaken the city’s defenses, it destroys the Kyiv HPP. The consequences for the capital are catastrophic – many areas are flooded, communications are cut off, many enterprises are destroyed or inoperable, electricity is lost and, of course, significant human casualties. Another example is the destruction during the bombing of a large chemical plant for the production of chemicals dangerous to humans. substances (the same chemical weapons).

One can only imagine the casualties this will lead to. The consequences of the strike on nuclear power plants will be even more unpredictable. It should be borne in mind that the enemy will always try to destroy or capture important strategic objects, such as power plants, large industrial enterprises, etc. It should be said that the priority for the troops is to prevent this, but war is war and therefore NGO units, especially in large industrial centers, should always be prepared to minimize the consequences of any such situations.

A special article should highlight the threat of epidemics due to unsanitary conditions. As mentioned above, it is not always possible to bury the remains of those killed during hostilities, which leads to a significant increase in the risk of an outbreak of infectious diseases. In addition, stray animals, rodents and insects that come in contact with bodies can become carriers of infections. In conditions of war and inability writemylab report.com to follow the rules of hygiene, dirt, there is a flourishing of lice, fleas and other parasites that are carriers of such a dangerous infection as typhus, scabies, etc.

Also, water and food can be contaminated with various bacteria due to the ingestion of bodies and products of life with infectious agents. The situation becomes especially dangerous in the warm seasons, when all microorganisms multiply extremely quickly.

If epidemics are at risk, the following urgent measures should be taken:

complete burial of bodies and remains of the dead, and if impossible, their incineration, carrying out complexes of disinfection measures eastern with similar in biological attack control of hygiene in the army and the civilian population, elimination of cities of pediculosis and other similar diseases the state of water and food quarantine in places of outbreaks of epidemics

So we looked at the main wartime emergencies, in my opinion.